Othello

Definitions of terms and concepts used in Othello

MOOR. In Shakespeare’s time, equivalent to “African,” with the expectation that such a person would be negro. This was not a negative or derogatory word. Originally, it meant “native of Mauretania,” a country in north Africa, but its meaning had become generalized by the 17th century.

ANCIENT. A military rank, properly of a standard-bearer (same word as “ensign”). This is Iago’s rank, which he resents. He is third in command to Othello, behind Cassio. Ever the self-aware role-player, Iago says he “must show out a flag and sign of love” to Othello, “which is indeed but [only] sign” (I.1.153?54).

LIEUTENANT. The rank which Cassio has just been given, literally meaning “place-holder.” Second in command to Othello, he holds Othello’s place in his absence. Ironically, Othello comes to believe that Cassio holds Othello’s place in Desdemona’s affections. Even more ironically, the play ends with Cassio literally put into Othello’s place as governor of Cyprus.

CYPRUS. This island, near Turkey and Syria, was annexed by Venice in 1489 and conquered by the Turks in 1571. The play presents a wish-fulfillment destruction of the Turkish fleet that leaves the island Venetian - but Venice did in fact undo Turkish seapower that same year in the victory of Lepanto.

VENICE. An oligarchic city-state of enormous mercantile wealth, Venice in Shakespeare’s time was a byword for luxury and culture and was also famous for its Judicial system (perhaps relevant to Othello’s death sentence on himself at the end of the tragedy). Its trade was partially choked off by the growing power of the Turkish empire in the 16th century, which extended into Europe as well as Asia and Arabia. Hence the importance of Cyprus.

OTTOMAN, OTTOMITES. Students have no clue that these terms (I.3.49, 11.3.170) refer to the Turks.

OTHELLO’S POSITION AND STATUS. Othello is a professional soldier who, after much battlefield experience, is currently employed by Venice as general of its forces. He is called “General” or, sometimes, “Captain.” Students need to understand that he holds a high position and is greatly respected.